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The structure of a solid material can be determined using X-ray diffraction; X-ray beams are passed through a crystal and the diffracted X-rays form a pattern on a photographic plate. The properties of materials, such as shape, rigidity, fragility, conductivity, and strength, are explained by studying their structures.
Ghana was the first country to adopt the pan-African colours. The star is known as the ‘lode star of African freedom’. Effective date: 28 February 1966.
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