England and Wales, medieval

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During the Middle Ages, the English crown conquered and subdued Wales, a country that had been divided into many small principalities before the Norman Conquest. After William (I) the Conqueror established his Norman barons on the Welsh border during the Norman Conquest, the next two centuries saw a prolonged struggle against Anglo-Norman aggression. English dominance was completed by the end of the 13th century with the defeat of Llewelyn (II) ap Gruffydd by Edward I. Although the self-styled ‘Prince of Wales’, Owen Glendower made a strong bid for Welsh independence in the early 15th century, Wales was reconquered. The Act of Union (1536) formerly united Wales to England.

Green represents fertility. Yellow stands for sunshine. Black recalls the people's African origins. Red symbolizes the struggle for liberty. Effective date: 19 September 1983. >>