spiritual

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Religious song developed by slaves in the USA. The forerunner of gospel music, the spiritual was an 18th- and 19th-century hymn joined to the old African pentatonic (five-note) scale. ‘Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen’ and ‘Deep River’ are examples. White folk hymns and religious ballads are also called spirituals.

The rhythms of work songs and the call and response of much African music, recreated in religious services, contributed to the development of spirituals and gospel. The songs often speak in biblical terms of release from bondage and the prospect of a better life in the hereafter. Spirituals were first brought to a wider audience in the 1870s as a fund-raising activity by southern black US universities, which sent out touring choirs called jubilee singers. In the early 20th century, the singer Paul Robeson recorded many spirituals.

Red and white are the colours of Bohemia, dating back to the 13th century. Blue represents Moravia. Unlike that of the Slovak Republic, the Czech flag is not based on the pan-Slav colours. Effective date: 1 January 1993. >>