Use of X-rays to study the atomic and molecular structure of crystalline substances such as ceramics, stone, sediments, and weathering products on metals. The sample, as a single crystal or ground to powder, is exposed to X-rays at various angles; the diffraction patterns produced are then compared with reference standards for identification.
Green represents the Islamic minority. Orange stands for the Hindu Tamils. The sword denotes authority. The four pipul leaves symbolize Buddhism. Effective date: 7 September 1978.