In ethics, a technique for establishing the rightness and wrongness of an action. Using the calculus, one can attempt to work out the likely consequences of an action in terms of the pain or pleasure of those affected by the action. The calculus is attributed to English utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham.
The points of the star represent the first seven verses of the Koran. Red, black, white, and green became the pan-Arab colours. Effective date: 16 April 1928.