Cyprus

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Island in the Mediterranean Sea, off the south coast of Turkey and west coast of Syria.

Government
Cyprus has two governments: an internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus government, controlled by Greek Cypriots; and a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, controlled by Turkish Cypriots and covering the northern third of the island. Initially, under the 1960 constitution, power was shared between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. However, in 1963 the Turks ceased participating and in 1964 set up a separate community in northern Cyprus, refusing to acknowledge the Greek government in the south. In 1974, Turkish troops invaded northern Cyprus and have since continued to occupy the area. The Greek Cypriot government claims to be the government of all Cyprus and is generally accepted as such, except by the Turkish community. Each of the two republics has its own president, council of ministers, legislature, and judicial system. The ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ has its own representatives overseas.

The president of the Republic of Cyprus (Greek Cyprus) is directly elected for a five-year term and serves as head of state and government. The post of vice-president is vacant, as it is reserved, under the 1960 constitution, for a Turkish Cypriot. There is a single-chamber legislature, the 80-member house of representatives, which comprises 56 Greek Cypriot members elected for five years by proportional representation, three observer members (representing the Maronite, Roman Catholic, and Armenian minorities) and 24 seats allocated to the Turkish community. The president appoints and heads a council of ministers. Under the separate constitution adopted by Turkish Cyprus in 1985, there is a president, directly elected for a five-year term, a council of ministers, and a legislature similar to that in the south. Turkey is the only country to have recognized this government.

History
The strategic position of Cyprus has long made it a coveted territory, and from the 15th century BC it was colonized by a succession of peoples from the mainland. In the 8th century it was within the Assyrian empire, then the Babylonian, Egyptian, and Persian. As part of Ptolemaic Egypt, it was seized by Rome in 58 BC. From AD 395 it was ruled by Byzantium, until taken in 1191 by King Richard I of England during the Third Crusade. In 1489 it was annexed by Venice, and in 1571 after a long siege of Nicosia, which claimed the lives of over 20,000 Greek Cypriots, it became part of the Ottoman Empire. Under the Ottomans there was an influx of Turks, changing the population mix, especially in the north. Periodic uprisings by Greek Cypriots against the Ottoman Turk rule were suppressed. The island came under British administration in 1878 as part of an agreement by Britain to support the Ottoman Empire in the Russian–Turkish war. Cyprus became a strategic naval outpost for the British Empire and was annexed by Britain in 1914, becoming a crown colony in 1925.

Enosis
During World Wars I and II many Cypriots fought in the British Army and expected that after the wars were over Britain would accede to Greek Cypriots' desires for enosis, or unification with Greece. These wishes were not fulfilled and in 1955 a guerrilla war against British rule was begun by Greek Cypriots seeking enosis. The chief organization in this campaign was the National Organization of Cypriot Combatants (EOKA), and its political and military leaders were the head of the Greek Orthodox Church in Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios, and Gen Grivas. In 1956 Makarios and other enosis leaders were deported by the British government. After years of negotiation, Makarios was allowed to return in 1960 to become president of a new, independent Greek-Turkish Cyprus, retaining British military and naval bases. The constitution stipulated a 70%:30% ratio of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in the public services and provided for a Turkish Cypriot vice-president and veto on tax legislation. The Turkish Cypriots comprised a fifth of the population.

Greek-Turkish conflict
In November 1963 President Makarios proposed amendments to the constitution, which the Turkish Cypriots rejected as removing key protections for their community. The Turkish Cypriots withdrew from power-sharing, and began an insurrection, setting up military enclaves in parts of the island where they predominated. In 1964, a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping force was set up to keep the two sides apart. After a prolonged period of mutual hostility, relations improved and talks were resumed, with the Turks arguing for a federal state and the Greeks wanting a unitary one.

In 1971 Gen Grivas returned to the island and began a guerrilla campaign against the Makarios government, which he believed had failed the Greek community. Three years later he died, and his supporters were purged by Makarios. In July 1974, Makarios was himself deposed by a right-wing military coup by Greek officers of the Cypriot National Guard, which was supported by Greece's military government. The enosis extremist, Nicos Sampson, became president and Makarios fled to Britain.

At the request of the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktas, Turkey sent troops to the island in late July 1974, taking control of the north and dividing Cyprus along what became known as the Attila Line, cutting off about a third of the total territory. Sampson resigned, the military regime that had appointed him collapsed, and Makarios returned. The Turkish Cypriots established an independent government for what they called the ‘Turkish Federated State of Cyprus’ (TFSC), with Denktas as president. More than 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 60,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced by these events.

Peace talks
In 1977 Makarios died and was succeeded by Spyros Kyprianou, who had been president of the house of representatives. In 1980 UN-sponsored peace talks were resumed. The Turkish Cypriots offered to hand back about 4% of the 35% of the territory they controlled and to resettle 40,000 of the 200,000 refugees who had fled to the north, but stalemate was reached on a constitutional settlement.

The Turks wanted equal status for the two communities, equal representation in government, and firm links with Turkey. The Greeks, on the other hand, favoured an alternating presidency, strong central government, and representation in the legislature on a proportional basis.

Seeking a solution
Between 1982 and 1985 several attempts by the Greek government in Athens and the UN to find a solution failed. In November 1983, Turkish Cypriots formally declared the creation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), with Denktas as president. It was recognized only by Turkey, and the UN Security Council, under Resolution 541, declared the action illegal and called for the withdrawal of Turkish troops.

In 1985 a meeting between Denktas and Kyprianou failed to reach agreement, and the UN secretary-general drew up proposals for a two-zone federal Cyprus, with a Greek president and a Turkish vice-president, but this was not found acceptable. Meanwhile, both Kyprianou and Denktas had been re-elected.

In 1988 Georgios Vassiliou was elected president of the Greek part of Cyprus, and in September talks began between him and Denktas, but these were abandoned in September 1989. They were resumed in August 1992 under UN auspices but collapsed again in November 1992.

Lack of progress on peace talks
Glafkos Clerides, leader of the Democratic Coalition (DISI), narrowly won the second round of the Greek Cypriot presidential election in February 1993 to replace Vassiliou and was re-elected in February 1998. There were efforts to revive peace talks during his presidencies, but no progress was achieved. A 1994 UN report blamed the collapse of the talks on the Turkish Cypriot side, and in July 1994 the European Court of Justice ruled that all direct trade between northern Cyprus and the European Union was illegal.

UN-mediated peace talks between Clerides and Denktas failed in 1997 and in April 1998 US mediator Richard Holbrooke declared his mission to Cyprus a failure. The Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktas proposed, in August 1998, a confederation with the island's Greek south. Greece and Greek Cyprus rejected the idea.

In May 2001 legislature elections, the communist Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL) won 35% of the vote, narrowly defeating President Clerides' DISI. In December 2001, Clerides and Denktas held their first direct talks in four years.

Entry into the EU
In 1997 the republic of Cypris applied to join the European Union (EU) and in October 1998, the EU agreed to include Cyprus in the list of six potential members. In subsequent years, a driving force behind negotiations to end the separation of the island's Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities was the prospect of joining the EU with both the backing of Greece and Turkey. During 2002, UN-sponsored talks continued between Clerides and Denktas and in December 2002 the EU formally invited Cyprus to join in 2004. The EU insisted that membership would apply to the whole island.

In February 2003, Clerides was defeated in the presidential election by Tassos Papadopoulos who was considered more hard line on the issue of reunification. In April 2004, a referendum was held on the UN-supported Annan Plan, which aimed to reunify the island before EU accession. Turkish Cypriots voted in favour, but Greek Cypriots overwhelmingly rejected the plan.

Cyprus became a member of the EU on 1 May 2004, but remained divided. In practice, EU membership applied only to the parts of the island governed by the Republic of Cyprus, but Turkish Cypriots enjoyed personal rights as EU citizens.

By 2007, although a UN Mission remained deployed on the island – as it had for four decades – there were signs of progress in reconciliation between its two communities, with demolition of the wall along the boundary of the Greek and Turkish Cypriot sides in the capital city.

The black fimbriation (narrow border) expresses endurance. White stands for Guyana's rivers. Effective date: 26 May 1966. >>