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Outbreaks of violence resulted in the overthrow of the governments in Ciskei and Venda in 1990, and calls for reintegration within South Africa in all of the four independent states. Bophuthatswana was annexed by South Africa in March 1994 after a popular uprising.
The repeal of the Land Acts and Group Areas Acts in 1991 promised progressively to change the status of Black National States. Under South Africa's non-racial constitution, which came into effect in April 1994, the states became part of the republic's provincial structure, with guaranteed legislative and executive power.
Green, yellow, and red are the pan-African colours. The flag is modelled on the French tricolour. The design was identical to the Rwandan tricolour, obliging that country to modify its flag. Effective date: 1 March 1961.
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