Vienna, Congress of

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International conference held from 1814 to 1815 which agreed the settlement of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. National representatives included the Austrian foreign minister Metternich, Alexander I of Russia, the British foreign secretary Castlereagh and military commander Wellington, and the French politician Talleyrand.

Its final act created a kingdom of the Netherlands, a German confederation of 39 states, Lombardy-Venetia subject to Austria, and the kingdom of Poland. Monarchs were restored in Spain, Naples, Piedmont, Tuscany, and Modena; Louis XVIII was confirmed king of France. See also United Kingdom: history 1714–1815, Britain in the Napoleonic Wars.

The stars represent the five regions of Turkmenistan. The crescent symbolizes Islam. Effective date: 19 February 1997. >>