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Although Ribera never abandoned his brown shadows, he made some progress towards richness and luminosity of colour in his mature work, of which the Martyrdom of St Bartholomew about 1639 (Prado, Madrid) is an example. One of his last paintings, Boy with a Club Foot 1652 (Louvre, Paris), is a masterpiece of realism.
Red, white, and blue recall the French tricolour. Red, yellow, and green are the pan-African colours. Red represents the common blood of mankind which links African and European nations. Effective date: 1 December 1958.
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