biological control

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Control of pests such as insects and fungi through biological means, rather than the use of chemicals. This can include breeding resistant crop strains; inducing sterility in the pest; infecting the pest species with disease organisms; or introducing the pest's natural predator. Biological control tends to be naturally self-regulating, but as ecosystems are so complex, it is difficult to predict all the consequences of introducing a biological controlling agent.

Ladybirds are sometimes used to control aphids because both adults and larvae feed on them. In 1998 French researchers patented a method of selective breeding to produce hardy, flightless ladybirds for use in biological control, as captive populations are far more effective than mobile ones.

The introduction of the cane toad to Australia 50 years ago to eradicate a beetle that was destroying sugar beet provides an example of the unpredictability of biological control. Since the cane toad is poisonous it has few Australian predators and it is now a pest, spreading throughout eastern and northern Australia at a rate of 35 km/22 mi a year.

The flag may have been based on that of Schwyz, one of the original cantons of the Confederation. While the national flag is square, a rectangular flag is used on Swiss lakes and rivers. Effective date: 12 December 1889. >>