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Writing and measurement systems were standardized, state roads and canals built, and border defence consolidated into what became known as the Great Wall. On the debit side, the dynasty is identified with injustice, oppression, and a literary inquisition which came to be known as the burning of the books.
The flag's colours date back to the 14th century. The bicolour is identical to that of Indonesia except in its ratio. Effective date: 4 April 1881.
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