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Navigation Acts
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Navigation Acts
In British history, a series of acts of Parliament passed from 1381 to protect English shipping from foreign competition and to ensure monopoly trading between Britain and its colonies. The last was repealed in 1849 (coastal trade exempt until 1853). The Navigation Acts helped to establish England as a major sea power, although they led to higher prices. They ruined the Dutch merchant fleet in the 17th century, and were one of the causes of the American Revolution.
1650 ‘Commonwealth Ordinance’ forbade foreign ships to trade in English colonies.
1651 Forbade the importation of goods except in English vessels or in vessels of the country of origin of the goods. This act led to the Anglo-Dutch War 1652–54.
1660 All colonial produce was required to be exported in English vessels.
1663 Colonies were prohibited from receiving goods in foreign (rather than English) vessels.
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The temple of Angkor Wat had five towers but often only three are depicted. Red and blue recall the earlier flags of Cambodia. Effective date: 20 June 1993.
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