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Volcanic islands are formed either when a hot spot within the Earth's mantle produces a chain of volcanoes on the surface, such as the Hawaiian Archipelago, or at a destructive plate margin (see plate tectonics) where the subduction of one plate beneath another produces an arc-shaped island group called an `island arc', such as the Aleutian Archipelago. Novaya Zemlya in the Arctic Ocean, the northern extension of the Ural Mountains, resulted from continental flooding.
Red stands for the warmth of the sun and of the population. Black represents fortitude and wealth. White symbolizes purity, hope, and the waves. Effective date: 31 August 1962.
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