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First Sino-Japanese War 189495. Under the treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan secured the independence of Korea, cession of Taiwan and the nearby Pescadores Islands, and the Liaodong peninsula (for a naval base). France, Germany, and Russia pressured Japan into returning the last-named, which Russia occupied 1896 to establish Port Arthur (now Lüda); this led to the Russo-Japanese War 190405.
Second Sino-Japanese War 193145.
193132 The Japanese occupied Manchuria, which they formed into the puppet state of Manchukuo. They also attacked Shanghai, and moved into northeastern China.
1937 Chinese leaders Jiang Jie Shi (Chiang Kai-shek) and Mao Zedong allied to fight the Japanese; war was renewed as the Japanese overran northeastern China and seized Shanghai and Nanjing.
1938 Japanese capture of Wuhan and Guangzhou was followed by the transfer of the Chinese capital to Chongqing; a period of stalemate followed.
1941 Japanese attack on the USA (see Pearl Harbor) led to the extension of lend-lease aid to China and US entry into war against Japan and its allies.
1944 A Japanese offensive threatened Chongqing.
1945 The Chinese received the Japanese surrender at Nanjing in September, after the Allies had concluded World War II.
Blue represents the sea and the sky. The points of the trident represent the three principles of democracy: government of, for, and by the people. Effective date: 30 November 1966.
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