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Its lower reaches form a border of disputed demarcation between Iran and Iraq. In 1975 the two countries agreed on the deepest water line as the frontier, but Iraq repudiated this in 1980. This dispute was a factor in the IranIraq war from 198088, and the waterway was the subject of long and bitter fighting after Iraq invaded and claimed both banks.
The flag was introduced by Hassan II, the Bey of Tunisia. Red is an Islamic colour. Effective date: c. 1835.
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