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A state of emergency was declared in 1952, and by 1956 colonial government forces had killed more than 11,000 Kikuyu. More than 100 Europeans and Asians and 2,000 progovernment Kikuyu were killed by the Mau Mau. The state of emergency was ended in 1960, and three years later Kenya achieved independence.
Red stands for the warmth of the sun and of the population. Black represents fortitude and wealth. White symbolizes purity, hope, and the waves. Effective date: 31 August 1962.
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