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The Mamelukes were originally descended from freed Turkish slaves. They formed the royal bodyguard in the 13th century, and in 1250 placed one of their own number, Qutuz, on the throne. Mameluke sultans ruled Egypt and built a Levantine empire until they were conquered by the Ottomans in 1517.
The arms show a Bible open at the Gospel of St John, a Trinitarian symbol. The white cross symbolizes faith. The arms appear on national and state flags. Effective date: 14 September 1863.
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