Jainism

Ancient Indian religion, sometimes regarded as an offshoot of Hinduism. Jains emphasize the importance of not injuring living beings, and their code of ethics is based on sympathy and compassion for all forms of life. They also believe in karma but not in any deity. It is a monastic, ascetic religion. There are two main sects: the Digambaras and the Swetambaras. Jainism practises the most extreme form of nonviolence (ahimsa) of all Indian sects, and influenced the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Jains number approximately 6 million; there are Jain communities throughout the world but the majority live in India.

Jainism's sacred books record the teachings of Mahavira (c. 599–527 BC), the last in a line of 24 great masters called Tirthankaras (or jainas). Mahavira was born in Vessali (now Bihar), eastern India. He became an ascetic at the age of 30, achieved enlightenment at 42, and preached for 30 years. During the 3rd century BC two divisions arose regarding the extent of austerities. The Digambaras (‘sky-clad’) believe that enlightenment can only occur when all possessions have been given up, including clothes, and that it can only be achieved when a soul is born into a human male body. Monks of this sect go naked on the final stages of their spiritual path. The Swetambaras (‘white-clad’) believe that both human sexes can achieve enlightenment and that nakedness is not a prerequisite.