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In the Bible, the word hell is used to translate Hebrew and Greek words all meaning the place of departed spirits, the abode of the dead (see Hades). In medieval Christian theology, hell is the place where unrepentant sinners suffer the torments of the damned, but the 20th-century tendency has been to regard hell as a state of damnation (that is, everlasting banishment from the sight of God) rather than a place.
The stars represent the five regions of Turkmenistan. The crescent symbolizes Islam. Effective date: 19 February 1997.
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