Last sultan of Turkey 18761909. In 1908 the Young Turks under Enver Pasha forced Abd al-Hamid to restore the constitution of 1876 and in 1909 insisted on his deposition. He died in confinement. For his part in the Armenian massacres suppressing the revolt of 189496 he was known as the Great Assassin; his actions still motivate Armenian violence against the Turks.
Blue stands for peace. The tassel is a symbol of the monarchy. Yellow represents mineral wealth. Red symbolizes battle. Effective date: 30 October 1967.