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Adapted from a 14th-century flag, the red St. George's cross in the centre represents the country's patron saint. The layout - the larger cross connecting the four sides of the flag with a smaller cross in each of the corners - is based on the historical Jerusalem Cross. Effective date: 14th January 2004.
The stars represent the five regions of Turkmenistan. The crescent symbolizes Islam. Effective date: 19 February 1997.
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