First aid - what everybody should know

Reviewed by Dr Stuart Crisp, specialist registrar

Nosebleeds

Nosebleeds occur when one of the small blood vessels in the mucous membranes of the nose bursts.

Do not bend the head backwards or lie down, because this increases blood pressure in the head and so increases the bleeding. Blood may also run into the stomach.

To limit the bleeding:

pinch the nostrils shut with the index and middle finger for 10 minutes. This way, the vein is pressed together, which is often enough to stem the flow.

while the nostrils are shut, the person must breathe through their mouth.

if the bleeding continues, it is important to contact a doctor.

If the person frequently suffers sudden, intense nosebleeds, they should also consult a doctor.

Choking

Choking happens when the passage through the windpipe is blocked. This usually occurs when food that has not been thoroughly chewed gets stuck.

If someone looks like they are choking, ask them if they are able to talk.

A person who is genuinely choking can usually only communicate with hand movements, and may place their hand against their throat. In such a case they will definitely need help, so summon assistance for them.

Provided the person is conscious and breathing, you should not interfere. However, be prepared to do so if the obstruction appears to become complete or markedly worse.

The best way to relieve choking is by using the Heimlich manoeuvre.

The Heimlich manoeuvre

Stand behind the person who is choking.

Place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward.

Clench your fist and place it right above the person's navel (belly button).

Place your other hand on top, then thrust both hands backwards into the stomach with a hard, upward movement.

Repeat this until the object stuck in the throat is expelled through their mouth.

If you need to carry out this manoeuvre on yourself, place a clenched hand above your navel (belly button) and your other hand on top. Then thrust your fist hard into your stomach.

Repeat this until the object stuck in the throat is expelled through the mouth.

Shock and fainting

Shock and fainting occur when only a small amount of blood circulates to the brain. This means that the brain is not receiving enough oxygen, which leads to a feeling of faintness, disorientation and dizziness.

Shock may also occur:

after an accident involving loss of blood

after a serious infection with loss of fluids

after a serious burn

after other accidents that cause loss of fluids or blood.

When the flow of blood in the body is too slow, the blood pressure drops and too little oxygen is circulated through the body. When this occurs a person will:

go pale

turn sweaty, clammy and cold

become dizzy

have a weak, fast pulse

have low blood pressure

have slow, weak breathing

lose consciousness

become anxious or restless.

What to do if someone is in shock or fainting

The person must lie on their back - preferably with their feet raised - to ensure enough blood gets to the brain.

Make sure the person is warm, comfortable and covered by a blanket if possible.

Do not give them anything to drink because they could run a risk of choking.

If the person vomits or bleeds from the mouth, he or she must be placed on their side to prevent choking.

Call for an ambulance. A person in shock must always be treated by a doctor.

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