What is HIV?
HIV means 'human immunodeficiency virus'. As with all other kinds of virus, HIV does not have an individual metabolism and, therefore, has to attack other living cells and use their metabolism to make copies of itself. Unfortunately, HIV attacks some of the cells that are vital to a healthy immune system, including the white blood cells known as T-helper cells or CD4 cells.

At the start of HIV infection - the primary HIV infection - there are two possible outcomes. You can either have a short, flu-like illness that occurs one to six weeks after infection, or a so-called 'dumb' infection with no symptoms at all. However, even if you do not have any symptoms you can still infect other people.

Six to 12 weeks after the infection, the white blood cells have produced so many antibodies against HIV that they can be measured in the blood. If you have HIV antibodies in your blood, you are HIV-positive (HIV+). The infected person will feel well for a long time, but the infection is still active inside the body and the virus, which can infect and destroy new blood cells, is constantly being produced. The number of T-helpers in the blood will slowly be reduced and when, after a number of years, the immune system has been weakened, the infected person will start showing symptoms of AIDS.

Without treatment, it takes an average of nine years for AIDS to develop after initial infection with the HIV virus.

What is AIDS?
AIDS means 'acquired immune deficiency syndrome'. It is a condition that sets in when the HIV virus has killed so many T-helper cells that the immune system is no longer able to recognise and react to attacks from everyday infections. HIV may also attack the nervous system. A number of different symptoms can be observed:

fatigue.

inexplicable weight loss.

repeated bronchial and skin infections that do not react to normal treatment.

fever.

swollen nodes.

diarrhoea.

small, deep ulcers often preceded by small blisters.

night sweats.

outbreak of previous infections that have remained dormant (herpes, toxoplasmosis, shingles and other conditions).

so-called 'opportunistic infections' - serious infections by micro-organisms of the type normally prevented by the immune system. These in turn could lead to a number of related illnesses such as cancer or dementia.

in the end, the disease can become so serious that the infected patient dies.

How do you get infected?

Unprotected sex - that is, sex without a condom.

Blood-to-blood-infection when using a contaminated needle or through transfusions of contaminated blood. Today, all blood that is donated in the UK is tested for HIV so this route of infection is extremely unusual.

Mother infecting her child. The child can be infected during the pregnancy, during labour or, after the delivery, through the breast milk.

Ordinary social interaction with HIV-positive people is not contagious.

Who is at risk?

People who do not practise safe sex, especially if their partners originate from areas of the world where HIV is widespread - Africa (south of the Sahara Desert), Asia and the Caribbean Islands.

Homosexual and bisexual men who do who not practise safe sex and have many different partners.

Women who have unprotected sex with many different partners, especially if these include bisexual men.

Men who have unprotected sex with many different partners.

Prostitutes who do not practise safe sex. Also at risk are their customers and these customers' other sexual partners.

Relationships in which one or both of the partners have many different partners.

Drug addicts who share needles.

Hospital workers who are at risk of pricking or cutting themselves with infected instruments or needles.

Children with an HIV-infected mother.

People who have had many blood transfusions or who were treated with blood products before 1985.

How do you avoid infection?

Use a condom. This is not a guaranteed method of avoiding infection, but using a condom reduces the risk considerably.

Avoid using drugs that are injected with a syringe. Do not share syringes or needles with others.

Avoid blood transfusions in certain countries where they may not test the blood for HIV.

People who have already been infected with HIV or belong to high-risk groups should not donate blood, sperm, or organs.

Even if you have tested negative you could still be infected with the HIV virus. You may not have produced enough antibodies to indicate infection or were infected after the blood sample for the test was taken.

I might be infected - what should I do?
If you have been exposed to infection, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible for advice, testing and treatment. In most cases, the doctor will advise you to be tested approximately three months after the possible time of infection. If you have recently been exposed to infection or have any of the symptoms connected with primary HIV infection, you will be offered a test that checks both antibodies and the HIV virus itself. In some instances of early HIV infection, the treatment is started at this very early stage.

If you know or suspect that your partner is HIV-positive or if you have been exposed to infection by accident - for instance through pricking yourself with a needle - in some cases, a treatment will be started that aims to prevent an actual HIV infection. This preventive treatment should preferably be started a few hours after the time of exposure. The treatment may have some unpleasant side effects, so before going ahead the real risk of infection should be estimated. This is decided by you, your doctor, and your local or regional hospital.

Where can I be tested?
An HIV test is free of charge and anonymous. You can be tested:

at clinics dealing with skin and venereal diseases

at special clinics for HIV screening.

In some cases, testing is obligatory. You are required to have a test if you want to do any of the following:

become a blood donor

donate some of your organs for transplantation

use your sperm for artificial insemination

adopt a child or have an egg transplantation.

What does the treatment involve and what medication is used?
New and more efficient treatments to fight HIV and reduce the content of virus in the blood are being developed all the time.

Unfortunately, HIV is a very efficient virus that can change some of its own characteristics, mutate and create new HIV variants, which are resistant to the medicines used in treatment. To reduce the risk of developing resistance to the medication and fight the virus from several directions, you will be offered a treatment that includes several types of medication. These are:

antiviral medicines against HIV that stop the virus from spreading in the body. You will not be cured and you are still contagious, but the treatment strengthens the immune system so that your risk of getting ill is reduced. It is still not known how long the effects of the treatment will last.

specific treatment of infections occurring as a result of HIV.

vaccination against illnesses such as flu, pneumonia, and infectious hepatitis.

treatment of the symptoms connected with HIV infection and AIDS, for instance treatment of nausea and loss of appetite.

What can I do myself?
If you do not have anyone to talk to about the situation, you might like to visit your GP, a counsellor with relevant experience, or a psychologist. You should discuss your worries and the depression that often follows the discovery you are HIV-positive.

You should be treated for all infections and illnesses that result from the HIV virus. If serious, you will have to be treated in the hospital.

The earlier the diagnosis is made, the more effective the treatment.

If you have been exposed to infection, you should have a test, even if you feel healthy.

Contact AIDS and HIV support groups.

Make sure you eat a varied and healthy diet as the disease affects the digestive system.

Possible deterioration
Eventually, serious illnesses may develop as a result of HIV infection. Commonly, these include infections of the kind normally prevented by the immune system:

tuberculosis

pneumonia with Pneumocystis carinii

toxoplasmosis in the brain

reactivation of cytomegalovirus

infections involving the fungus Candida albicans

cancer, especially skin cancer and cancer in the lymph nodes

meningitis and encephalopathy, a brain disease which causes dementia

death may occur as a result of illness.

Future prospects
The disease is seen as incurable. However, many of the illnesses resulting from the condition can be treated. Between 5 and 15 years pass from the time of infection until AIDS actually develops. Previously, those infected only lived for a couple of years after developing AIDS. Fortunately, with the new types of treatment available the survival rate has greatly improved.

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